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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
اختلال افسردگی اساسی، اختلال افسردگی اساسی
that is, different from major depressive disorder (MDD), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
depression (MDD) and post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) to be legitimately considered a separate diagnostic category (i.e. mental disorder).،Among outpatients with major depressive disorder in secondary level psychiatric settings, diagnostic switch to bipolar disorder usually refers to Type II rather than Type I (Holma, Melartin, Holma, & Isometsa, 2008).
GAD has a high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, other anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders (N.
Also, in one study, individu- als with comorbid MDD and GAD, and GAD within the course of MDD, reported more psychopathology, negative affect, and functional impairment at intake than individuals with MDD only (Lawrence, Liverant, Rosellini, & Brown, 2009).
Major depressive disorder was found in one study to be 10 times more prevalent in OCD patients than in the general population (Denys, Tenney, van Megen, de Geus, & Westenberg, 2004).
Although up to 80% of patients with OCD experience a depressive episode in their lifetime, most studies agree that at least one third of patients with OCD have concurrent major depressive disorder at the time of evaluation (Tükel, Meteris, Koyuncu, Tecer, & Yazici, 2006).
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